In the mid-1990s, Noam Chomsky posted the following statement on an online bulletin board. Since it's rather hard to find, and because it's Chomsky's only extended statement on the subject of postmodernism--and because watching Noam call Lacan "a perfectly self-conscious charlatan" is just good clean fun--I'm reprinting the entire post here:
CHOMSKY: I've returned from travel-speaking, where I spend most of my life, and found a collection of messages extending the discussion about "theory" and "philosophy," a debate that I find rather curious. A few reactions --- though I concede, from the start, that I may simply not understand what is going on.
As far as I do think I understand it, the debate was initiated by the charge that I, Mike, and maybe others don't have "theories" and therefore fail to give any explanation of why things are proceeding as they do. We must turn to "theory" and "philosophy" and "theoretical constructs" and the like to remedy this deficiency in our efforts to understand and address what is happening in the world. I won't speak for Mike. My response so far has pretty much been to reiterate something I wrote 35 years ago, long before "postmodernism" had erupted in the literary intellectual culture: "if there is a body of theory, well tested and verified, that applies to the conduct of foreign affairs or the resolution of domestic or international conflict, its existence has been kept a well-guarded secret," despite much "pseudo-scientific posturing."
To my knowledge, the statement was accurate 35 years ago, and remains so; furthermore, it extends to the study of human affairs generally, and applies in spades to what has been produced since that time. What has changed in the interim, to my knowledge, is a huge explosion of self- and mutual-admiration among those who propound what they call "theory" and "philosophy," but little that I can detect beyond "pseudo-scientific posturing." That little is, as I wrote, sometimes quite interesting, but lacks consequences for the real world problems that occupy my time and energies (Rawls's important work is the case I mentioned, in response to specific inquiry).
The latter fact has been noticed. One fine philosopher and social theorist (also activist), Alan Graubard, wrote an interesting review years ago of Robert Nozick's "libertarian" response to Rawls, and of the reactions to it. He pointed out that reactions were very enthusiastic. Reviewer after reviewer extolled the power of the arguments, etc., but no one accepted any of the real-world conclusions (unless they had previously reached them). That's correct, as were his observations on what it means.
The proponents of "theory" and "philosophy" have a very easy task if they want to make their case. Simply make known to me what was and remains a "secret" to me: I'll be happy to look. I've asked many times before, and still await an answer, which should be easy to provide: simply give some examples of "a body of theory, well tested and verified, that applies to" the kinds of problems and issues that Mike, I, and many others (in fact, most of the world's population, I think, outside of narrow and remarkably self-contained intellectual circles) are or should be concerned with: the problems and issues we speak and write about, for example, and others like them. To put it differently, show that the principles of the "theory" or "philosophy" that we are told to study and apply lead by valid argument to conclusions that we and others had not already reached on other (and better) grounds; these "others" include people lacking formal education, who typically seem to have no problem reaching these conclusions through mutual interactions that avoid the "theoretical" obscurities entirely, or often on their own.
Again, those are simple requests. I've made them before, and remain in my state of ignorance. I also draw certain conclusions from the fact.
As for the "deconstruction" that is carried out (also mentioned in the debate), I can't comment, because most of it seems to me gibberish. But if this is just another sign of my incapacity to recognize profundities, the course to follow is clear: just restate the results to me in plain words that I can understand, and show why they are different from, or better than, what others had been doing long before and and have continued to do since without three-syllable words, incoherent sentences, inflated rhetoric that (to me, at least) is largely meaningless, etc. That will cure my deficiencies --- of course, if they are curable; maybe they aren't, a possibility to which I'll return.
These are very easy requests to fulfill, if there is any basis to the claims put forth with such fervor and indignation. But instead of trying to provide an answer to this simple requests, the response is cries of anger: to raise these questions shows "elitism," "anti-intellectualism," and other crimes --- though apparently it is not "elitist" to stay within the self- and mutual-admiration societies of intellectuals who talk only to one another and (to my knowledge) don't enter into the kind of world in which I'd prefer to live. As for that world, I can reel off my speaking and writing schedule to illustrate what I mean, though I presume that most people in this discussion know, or can easily find out; and somehow I never find the "theoreticians" there, nor do I go to their conferences and parties. In short, we seem to inhabit quite different worlds, and I find it hard to see why mine is "elitist," not theirs. The opposite seems to be transparently the case, though I won't amplify.
To add another facet, I am absolutely deluged with requests to speak and can't possibly accept a fraction of the invitations I'd like to, so I suggest other people. But oddly, I never suggest those who propound "theories" and "philosophy," nor do I come across them, or for that matter rarely even their names, in my own (fairly extensive) experience with popular and activist groups and organizations, general community, college, church, union, etc., audiences here and abroad, third world women, refugees, etc.; I can easily give examples. Why, I wonder.
The whole debate, then, is an odd one. On one side, angry charges and denunciations, on the other, the request for some evidence and argument to support them, to which the response is more angry charges --- but, strikingly, no evidence or argument. Again, one is led to ask why.
It's entirely possible that I'm simply missing something, or that I just lack the intellectual capacity to understand the profundities that have been unearthed in the past 20 years or so by Paris intellectuals and their followers. I'm perfectly open-minded about it, and have been for years, when similar charges have been made -- but without any answer to my questions. Again, they are simple and should be easy to answer, if there is an answer: if I'm missing something, then show me what it is, in terms I can understand. Of course, if it's all beyond my comprehension, which is possible, then I'm just a lost cause, and will be compelled to keep to things I do seem to be able to understand, and keep to association with the kinds of people who also seem to be interested in them and seem to understand them (which I'm perfectly happy to do, having no interest, now or ever, in the sectors of the intellectual culture that engage in these things, but apparently little else).
Since no one has succeeded in showing me what I'm missing, we're left with the second option: I'm just incapable of understanding. I'm certainly willing to grant that it may be true, though I'm afraid I'll have to remain suspicious, for what seem good reasons. There are lots of things I don't understand -- say, the latest debates over whether neutrinos have mass or the way that Fermat's last theorem was (apparently) proven recently. But from 50 years in this game, I have learned two things: (1) I can ask friends who work in these areas to explain it to me at a level that I can understand, and they can do so, without particular difficulty; (2) if I'm interested, I can proceed to learn more so that I will come to understand it. Now Derrida, Lacan, Lyotard, Kristeva, etc. --- even Foucault, whom I knew and liked, and who was somewhat different from the rest --- write things that I also don't understand, but (1) and (2) don't hold: no one who says they do understand can explain it to me and I haven't a clue as to how to proceed to overcome my failures. That leaves one of two possibilities: (a) some new advance in intellectual life has been made, perhaps some sudden genetic mutation, which has created a form of "theory" that is beyond quantum theory, topology, etc., in depth and profundity; or (b) ... I won't spell it out.
Again, I've lived for 50 years in these worlds, have done a fair amount of work of my own in fields called "philosophy" and "science," as well as intellectual history, and have a fair amount of personal acquaintance with the intellectual culture in the sciences, humanities, social sciences, and the arts. That has left me with my own conclusions about intellectual life, which I won't spell out. But for others, I would simply suggest that you ask those who tell you about the wonders of "theory" and "philosophy" to justify their claims --- to do what people in physics, math, biology, linguistics, and other fields are happy to do when someone asks them, seriously, what are the principles of their theories, on what evidence are they based, what do they explain that wasn't already obvious, etc. These are fair requests for anyone to make. If they can't be met, then I'd suggest recourse to Hume's advice in similar circumstances: to the flames.
Specific comment. Phetland asked who I'm referring to when I speak of "Paris school" and "postmodernist cults": the above is a sample.
He then asks, reasonably, why I am "dismissive" of it. Take, say, Derrida. Let me begin by saying that I dislike making the kind of comments that follow without providing evidence, but I doubt that participants want a close analysis of de Saussure, say, in this forum, and I know that I'm not going to undertake it. I wouldn't say this if I hadn't been explicitly asked for my opinion --- and if asked to back it up, I'm going to respond that I don't think it merits the time to do so.
So take Derrida, one of the grand old men. I thought I ought to at least be able to understand his Grammatology, so tried to read it. I could make out some of it, for example, the critical analysis of classical texts that I knew very well and had written about years before. I found the scholarship appalling, based on pathetic misreading; and the argument, such as it was, failed to come close to the kinds of standards I've been familiar with since virtually childhood. Well, maybe I missed something: could be, but suspicions remain, as noted. Again, sorry to make unsupported comments, but I was asked, and therefore am answering.
Some of the people in these cults (which is what they look like to me) I've met: Foucault (we even have a several-hour discussion, which is in print, and spent quite a few hours in very pleasant conversation, on real issues, and using language that was perfectly comprehensible --- he speaking French, me English); Lacan (who I met several times and considered an amusing and perfectly self-conscious charlatan, though his earlier work, pre-cult, was sensible and I've discussed it in print); Kristeva (who I met only briefly during the period when she was a fervent Maoist); and others. Many of them I haven't met, because I am very remote from from these circles, by choice, preferring quite different and far broader ones --- the kinds where I give talks, have interviews, take part in activities, write dozens of long letters every week, etc. I've dipped into what they write out of curiosity, but not very far, for reasons already mentioned: what I find is extremely pretentious, but on examination, a lot of it is simply illiterate, based on extraordinary misreading of texts that I know well (sometimes, that I have written), argument that is appalling in its casual lack of elementary self-criticism, lots of statements that are trivial (though dressed up in complicated verbiage) or false; and a good deal of plain gibberish. When I proceed as I do in other areas where I do not understand, I run into the problems mentioned in connection with (1) and (2) above. So that's who I'm referring to, and why I don't proceed very far. I can list a lot more names if it's not obvious.
For those interested in a literary depiction that reflects pretty much the same perceptions (but from the inside), I'd suggest David Lodge. Pretty much on target, as far as I can judge.
Phetland also found it "particularly puzzling" that I am so "curtly dismissive" of these intellectual circles while I spend a lot of time "exposing the posturing and obfuscation of the New York Times." So "why not give these guys the same treatment." Fair question. There are also simple answers. What appears in the work I do address (NYT, journals of opinion, much of scholarship, etc.) is simply written in intelligible prose and has a great impact on the world, establishing the doctrinal framework within which thought and expression are supposed to be contained, and largely are, in successful doctrinal systems such as ours. That has a huge impact on what happens to suffering people throughout the world, the ones who concern me, as distinct from those who live in the world that Lodge depicts (accurately, I think). So this work should be dealt with seriously, at least if one cares about ordinary people and their problems. The work to which Phetland refers has none of these characteristics, as far as I'm aware. It certainly has none of the impact, since it is addressed only to other intellectuals in the same circles. Furthermore, there is no effort that I am aware of to make it intelligible to the great mass of the population (say, to the people I'm constantly speaking to, meeting with, and writing letters to, and have in mind when I write, and who seem to understand what I say without any particular difficulty, though they generally seem to have the same cognitive disability I do when facing the postmodern cults). And I'm also aware of no effort to show how it applies to anything in the world in the sense I mentioned earlier: grounding conclusions that weren't already obvious. Since I don't happen to be much interested in the ways that intellectuals inflate their reputations, gain privilege and prestige, and disengage themselves from actual participation in popular struggle, I don't spend any time on it.
Phetland suggests starting with Foucault --- who, as I've written repeatedly, is somewhat apart from the others, for two reasons: I find at least some of what he writes intelligible, though generally not very interesting; second, he was not personally disengaged and did not restrict himself to interactions with others within the same highly privileged elite circles. Phetland then does exactly what I requested: he gives some illustrations of why he thinks Foucault's work is important. That's exactly the right way to proceed, and I think it helps understand why I take such a "dismissive" attitude towards all of this --- in fact, pay no attention to it.
What Phetland describes, accurately I'm sure, seems to me unimportant, because everyone always knew it --- apart from details of social and intellectual history, and about these, I'd suggest caution: some of these are areas I happen to have worked on fairly extensively myself, and I know that Foucault's scholarship is just not trustworthy here, so I don't trust it, without independent investigation, in areas that I don't know --- this comes up a bit in the discussion from 1972 that is in print. I think there is much better scholarship on the 17th and 18th century, and I keep to that, and my own research. But let's put aside the other historical work, and turn to the "theoretical constructs" and the explanations: that there has been "a great change from harsh mechanisms of repression to more subtle mechanisms by which people come to do" what the powerful want, even enthusiastically. That's true enough, in fact, utter truism. If that's a "theory," then all the criticisms of me are wrong: I have a "theory" too, since I've been saying exactly that for years, and also giving the reasons and historical background, but without describing it as a theory (because it merits no such term), and without obfuscatory rhetoric (because it's so simple-minded), and without claiming that it is new (because it's a truism). It's been fully recognized for a long time that as the power to control and coerce has declined, it's more necessary to resort to what practitioners in the PR industry early in this century -- who understood all of this well -- called "controlling the public mind." The reasons, as observed by Hume in the 18th century, are that "the implicit submission with which men resign their own sentiments and passions to those of their rulers" relies ultimately on control of opinion and attitudes. Why these truisms should suddenly become "a theory" or "philosophy," others will have to explain; Hume would have laughed.
Some of Foucault's particular examples (say, about 18th century techniques of punishment) look interesting, and worth investigating as to their accuracy. But the "theory" is merely an extremely complex and inflated restatement of what many others have put very simply, and without any pretense that anything deep is involved. There's nothing in what Phetland describes that I haven't been writing about myself for 35 years, also giving plenty of documentation to show that it was always obvious, and indeed hardly departs from truism. What's interesting about these trivialities is not the principle, which is transparent, but the demonstration of how it works itself out in specific detail to cases that are important to people: like intervention and aggression, exploitation and terror, "free market" scams, and so on. That I don't find in Foucault, though I find plenty of it by people who seem to be able to write sentences I can understand and who aren't placed in the intellectual firmament as "theoreticians."
To make myself clear, Phetland is doing exactly the right thing: presenting what he sees as "important insights and theoretical constructs" that he finds in Foucault. My problem is that the "insights" seem to me familiar and there are no "theoretical constructs," except in that simple and familiar ideas have been dressed up in complicated and pretentious rhetoric. Phetland asks whether I think this is "wrong, useless, or posturing." No. The historical parts look interesting sometimes, though they have to be treated with caution and independent verification is even more worth undertaking than it usually is. The parts that restate what has long been obvious and put in much simpler terms are not "useless," but indeed useful, which is why I and others have always made the very same points. As to "posturing," a lot of it is that, in my opinion, though I don't particularly blame Foucault for it: it's such a deeply rooted part of the corrupt intellectual culture of Paris that he fell into it pretty naturally, though to his credit, he distanced himself from it. As for the "corruption" of this culture particularly since World War II, that's another topic, which I've discussed elsewhere and won't go into here. Frankly, I don't see why people in this forum should be much interested, just as I am not. There are more important things to do, in my opinion, than to inquire into the traits of elite intellectuals engaged in various careerist and other pursuits in their narrow and (to me, at least) pretty unininteresting circles. That's a broad brush, and I stress again that it is unfair to make such comments without proving them: but I've been asked, and have answered the only specific point that I find raised. When asked about my general opinion, I can only give it, or if something more specific is posed, address that. I'm not going to undertake an essay on topics that don't interest me.
Unless someone can answer the simple questions that immediately arise in the mind of any reasonable person when claims about "theory" and "philosophy" are raised, I'll keep to work that seems to me sensible and enlightening, and to people who are interested in understanding and changing the world.
Johnb made the point that "plain language is not enough when the frame of reference is not available to the listener"; correct and important. But the right reaction is not to resort to obscure and needlessly complex verbiage and posturing about non-existent "theories." Rather, it is to ask the listener to question the frame of reference that he/she is accepting, and to suggest alternatives that might be considered, all in plain language. I've never found that a problem when I speak to people lacking much or sometimes any formal education, though it's true that it tends to become harder as you move up the educational ladder, so that indoctrination is much deeper, and the self-selection for obedience that is a good part of elite education has taken its toll. Johnb says that outside of circles like this forum, "to the rest of the country, he's incomprehensible" ("he" being me). That's absolutely counter to my rather ample experience, with all sorts of audiences. Rather, my experience is what I just described. The incomprehensibility roughly corresponds to the educational level. Take, say, talk radio. I'm on a fair amount, and it's usually pretty easy to guess from accents, etc., what kind of audience it is. I've repeatedly found that when the audience is mostly poor and less educated, I can skip lots of the background and "frame of reference" issues because it's already obvious and taken for granted by everyone, and can proceed to matters that occupy all of us. With more educated audiences, that's much harder; it's necessary to disentangle lots of ideological constructions.
It's certainly true that lots of people can't read the books I write. That's not because the ideas or language are complicated --- we have no problems in informal discussion on exactly the same points, and even in the same words. The reasons are different, maybe partly the fault of my writing style, partly the result of the need (which I feel, at least) to present pretty heavy documentation, which makes it tough reading. For these reasons, a number of people have taken pretty much the same material, often the very same words, and put them in pamphlet form and the like. No one seems to have much problem --- though again, reviewers in the Times Literary Supplement or professional academic journals don't have a clue as to what it's about, quite commonly; sometimes it's pretty comical.
A final point, something I've written about elsewhere (e.g., in a discussion in Z papers, and the last chapter of Year 501). There has been a striking change in the behavior of the intellectual class in recent years. The left intellectuals who 60 years ago would have been teaching in working class schools, writing books like "mathematics for the millions" (which made mathematics intelligible to millions of people), participating in and speaking for popular organizations, etc., are now largely disengaged from such activities, and although quick to tell us that they are far more radical than thou, are not to be found, it seems, when there is such an obvious and growing need and even explicit request for the work they could do out there in the world of people with live problems and concerns. That's not a small problem. This country, right now, is in a very strange and ominous state. People are frightened, angry, disillusioned, skeptical, confused. That's an organizer's dream, as I once heard Mike say. It's also fertile ground for demagogues and fanatics, who can (and in fact already do) rally substantial popular support with messages that are not unfamiliar from their predecessors in somewhat similar circumstances. We know where it has led in the past; it could again. There's a huge gap that once was at least partially filled by left intellectuals willing to engage with the general public and their problems. It has ominous implications, in my opinion.
End of Reply, and (to be frank) of my personal interest in the matter, unless the obvious questions are answered.
It's clear that Chomsky doesn't understand Derrida and probably doesn't want to, that what Chomsky dismisses as Derrida's "misreading" is actually the deliberate "misreading" of deconstructive interpretation, i.e. reading against the grain of standard interpretations. (In this case, Chomsky's opening profession that he may not understand what's going on should be understood as something other than Socratic irony.) Many of Chomsky's other criticisms are both highly arguable and eminently understandable. His caveat about independently confirming Foucault's historical research may be the most valuable passage in the entire statement. The David Lodge book Chomsky twice refers to is surely Small World, Lodge's comic 'academic conference picaresque' novel set in the critical theory milieu ca.1979. It's a funny, smart, well-made novel, a superior follow-up to Lodge's Changing Places, the book that taught the world how to play 'Humiliation.' I recommend both.
Yes, it's perfectly reasonable for you to assert that one of the greatest minds of our time -- one that is open and all-inclusive -- just doesn't get Derrida.
ReplyDeleteNow if you'd please do what Chomsky asks, and explain -- in terms that anyone who doesn't already claim to understand Derrida and his ilk can understand -- WTF Derridas and his ilk are actually saying.
Extra points if you can do it using only terms that occur in a standard English dictionary, and even more extra points if you can do it in terms that someone with a Ph.D. in any field other than obscurantist po-mo lit crit can understand without recourse to a dictionary.
Ball's in your court.
BTW, the choice of "ilk" was not random: until someone can meet Chomsky's rather modest request, "ilk" is phonetically similar to what the rest of us are entitled to think about Derrida and his ilk.
Not in my court, pal. I'm a pretty severe critic of Derrida, Foucault and Lacan. I just don't think Chomsky really tried very hard to understand Of Grammatology. I can understand that book and several others by Derrida, and I don't have a Ph.D in anything, so I think you're overstating the obscurantist quality of his work, although some of his other books (Margins of Philosophy comes to mind) are quite difficult. The best intro to Derrida is his own book, Writing and Difference, which is relatively easy (for Derrida). No need to depend upon explicators.
ReplyDeleteBut on second thought, and to prove that it can easily be done, I've decided to take up Chomsky's challenge and explain Derridean philosophy in a lucid nutshell. Here goes:
ReplyDeleteDerrida begins with the idea that Western intellectual discourse--philosophy, linguistics, anthropology, literature, etc.-- has historically valued speech over writing due to the perception that speech, issuing directly from the speaker's mouth, has more presence and thus more authority, than a written text. He then argues that this quality of presence in speech is an illusion because all language, spoken and written, is devoid of presence. This lack of presence is a fundamental feature of language because, as Derrida argues, language is a closed system that can refer only to itself. Words refer not to things in the world but to other words (definitions), each of which refers to still other words, ad infinitum. Language is free play, a dance over an abyss of meaninglessness. Any attempt to enclose language in meaning is a form of linguistic violence, an arbitrary exercise of power. One response to this hidden rhetorical violence is to reveal it through 'deconstruction,' a process that generalizes Derrida's initial approach to the speech vs. writing conflict and applies analogous techniques to the other seemingly stubborn dualities that define our lives: male/female, gay/straight, liberal/conservative, foreign/domestic, etc., etc.. The first step in the deconstructive process is to reverse the traditional polarity (the privileging of male over female, for example); the next step is to show that this reversal is equally illusory because it remains trapped in some arbitrary, historically contingent pattern of thought (in the male/female example, this would be the idea of strict, dualistic gender definitions); step three would reveal the hidden hand of patriarchal power in the definition of the idea of gender, thus dissolving the initial duality into a power-motivated rhetorical construction, a function of language.
This is greatly simplified and doesn't even attempt to glance at all of Derrida's writings, but I think it's a fairly clear and reasonable nutshell of the most influential part of his thought and its political utility.
I have enjoyed stumbling on this Chomsky text and subsequent exchange.
ReplyDeleteAssuming that your characterization of Derrida's theory is correct, the discussion doesn't stop there, surely. Further questions are now raised:
1. is the theory testable?
2. is it correct?
3. is it useful? (if it's simply a series of truisms, it wouldn't be very useful)
When I first learned of Derrida's theory, I thought of such things as "Not marble, nor the guilded monument / Of princes, shall outlive this powerful rhyme." Surely there is a lot of evidence that the western tradition privileges writing over speech because writing can survive.
Further, surely there is abundant evidence that writing refers *both* to itself and to things in the world (most of us use language in this way throughout our days) -- e.g., if I say to my husband, "could you move the car, honey?" and he does, clearly the phonemes that make up "car" have been connected by both speaker and listener with an object parked on the driveway.
So there are two objections to 2 parts of Derrida's thesis -- and from the second objection a dismantling of the necessary connection of meaning with power structures (potentially the part of his theory that could most be useful) would follow.
ReplyDeleteLanguage in a sense puts things in the world. We encounter the world through language. 'Things' did exist before language, but our orientation to things is directed by language -- in the way we approach each other, for example. Basically, culture determines things.
http://provocationsblog.blogspot.com/search?q=deconstruction
ReplyDeleteI posit that ultimately even Derrida does not understand Derrida, because Derrida's words are a verbiage and a gibberish, as Chomsky correctly said.
ReplyDelete@sszorin: Why not just "verbiage and gibberish"? One need not be a linguist of Chomskyan genius to understand that no indefinite articles are called for in that phrase. As to the substance of your assertion, it can be empirically disproven, as follows. If you contend that Derrida's words are in fact "verbiage and gibberish" which no one can understand, your statement can be refuted by producing evidence of understanding, of readers who have studied Derrida's writings and produced, under the influence of Derrida, work in their own fields generally recognized to be valuable. Off the top of my head, and limiting myself to Americans, I can name 4 such readers: the American philosopher Richard Rorty; the African-American science fiction writer Samuel R. Delany; the American writer of experimental fiction David Foster Wallace; and the American literary critic J. Hillis Miller. These four accomplished and diverse readers would not have bothered reading a writer of gibberish.
ReplyDeleteCritics of critical theory need to guard against the grandiosity of what I (grandiosely) call 'the solipsistic intellectual fallacy', the belief that if you don't understand something, no one else can understand it either.
Roughly 90-95% of the population has no idea what the phrase "solipsistic intellectual fallacy" in fact means. Which, by itself, lends credence to Chomsky's overall opinion of the Paris school of postmodern thought and those that expound it's virtues: it's a lot of verbal masturbation (my own term) with little to no substance, and is of no use to most of humanity at large -- save for the verbal masturbators themselves, and those that enjoy fellating them while they do so. Perhaps this is why I have a fondness for the likes of Noam Chomsky and Thomas Paine. Despite the advanced social and philosophical concepts they have put forth in their written works, you would be hard-pressed to find a person who couldn't understand them at least at a basic level. They remain accessible to even a day laborer who has no idea that Homer isn't just a character on the Simpsons. Postmodern philosophy --the same cannot be said.
ReplyDeleteFurthermore, despite the term "populist" carrying a negative connotation among academic elites and their admirers, intellectual populism as a literary function has a greater ability to reach minds using succinct language that otherwise may have not been reached had multi-syllabic verbiage been used to get across that same message . Chomsky and Paine, for example, have often been accused of being "simplistic" by their critics. In their case, I belief they both looked at such criticism as a badge of honor. It meant that their ideas were received by more than just Ivy League professors.
Delete@Mike
ReplyDeleteWhile I make no value judgement in either direction regarding the work of 'postmodern philosophers' (the term is contentious and contains many different kinds of thought), your demand that work can be valued on its immediate intelligibility to the common populace doesn't stand up. A great degree of research and theory in the scientific field also falls under the category of 'needs a degree to understand it' - we don't assess that work on whether 'you or I' can read it, but on the terms set by the discipline in which it's located.
Even when a concept can be understood by the public, one finds that it's often up to 'interpreters' to translate a concept. Frequently, the originator of a concept can express it only in such a way as to make it intelligible to those who share a common framework of understanding. If what you are trying to uncover is the underlying bounds of language and conceptual thought, using that same language to express your work will inevitably cause some difficulties in clear an measured explanation. Again, you see this in all fields of research - how many people understand Einstein's work through his actual writings, and how many through some form of science communications or encyclopedia's explanation?
I agree that it's commendable when a theorist/researcher working at the 'cutting edge' takes the time to translate their work into a more common dialect, but this translation is itself hard work and a skill (and may cost some degree of specificity), and we should err on the side of good faith when assessing a person who does not have the energy or skill to do that work.
Chomsky's quoted post partially addressed this.
ReplyDelete"But from 50 years in this game, I have learned two things: (1) I can ask friends who work in these areas to explain it to me at a level that I can understand, and they can do so, without particular difficulty; (2) if I'm interested, I can proceed to learn more so that I will come to understand it."
As to this comment:
"Frequently, the originator of a concept can express it only in such a way as to make it intelligible to those who share a common framework of understanding."
I don't think this is necessarily true. I think it may speak to a lack of effort, not for the elusiveness of this "skill." In fact, the capacity for communication is a fundamental aspect of humanity.
It is indeed not possible for all writing produced to be immediately accessible to all. But, that something requires explanation does not mean it is inherently inaccessible. It means that the information has been presented inaccessibly. Fair enough, in scientific writing, there is no need to rehash basic concepts in research finding reports. But it is always the case that things can be explained simply.
Even Einstein's theories can be understood by anyone who wants to. "Understanding" between two people, say, a theoretical physicist and a layperson, means that what one's intended meaning behind a communication is what is interpreted by the other party, and vice-versa. The layperson and Einstein (through his text) may not understand each other, but the layperson and the scientist can. It qualifies as understanding if scientist explains Einstein's ideas and the layperson can then demonstrate this understanding to the scientist.
Brian, thank you for your Derrida summary. I share Paul's critiques.
Est ce que les théories développées par Noam Chomsky sont elles-mêmes vérifiables, correctes et utiles?
ReplyDeletePas plus que l'enseignement de Derrida bien evidemment car nous sommes la aussi dans le domaine du "pensable" et non du "connaissable". Ne mélangeons pas physique et métaphysique.
Il serait sans doute utile a un cerain nombre de commentateurs fustigiant l'obscurantisme de Derrida au nom de la necessaire simplicité des propos de relire dans le texte la politique critique de Kant (transcendental aesthetic, logic, analytic and dialectic)
Brian, a question. Do you think that Chomsky's characterization of "Paris intellectuals" is wildly inaccurate? I'm referring to things like:
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What appears in the work I do address (NYT, journals of opinion, much of scholarship, etc.) is simply written in intelligible prose and has a great impact on the world, establishing the doctrinal framework within which thought and expression are supposed to be contained, and largely are, in successful doctrinal systems such as ours. That has a huge impact on what happens to suffering people throughout the world, the ones who concern me, as distinct from those who live in the world that Lodge depicts (accurately, I think). So this work should be dealt with seriously, at least if one cares about ordinary people and their problems. The work to which Phetland refers has none of these characteristics, as far as I'm aware. It certainly has none of the impact, since it is addressed only to other intellectuals in the same circles. Furthermore, there is no effort that I am aware of to make it intelligible to the great mass of the population (say, to the people I'm constantly speaking to, meeting with, and writing letters to, and have in mind when I write, and who seem to understand what I say without any particular difficulty, though they generally seem to have the same cognitive disability I do when facing the postmodern cults).
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//inflate their reputations, gain privilege and prestige, and disengage themselves from actual participation in popular struggle//
//highly privileged elite circles//
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the demonstration of how it works itself out in specific detail to cases that are important to people: like intervention and aggression, exploitation and terror, "free market" scams, and so on. That I don't find in Foucault, though I find plenty of it by people who seem to be able to write sentences I can understand and who aren't placed in the intellectual firmament as "theoreticians."
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As to "posturing," a lot of it is that, in my opinion, though I don't particularly blame Foucault for it: it's such a deeply rooted part of the corrupt intellectual culture of Paris that he fell into it pretty naturally, though to his credit, he distanced himself from it. As for the "corruption" of this culture particularly since World War II, that's another topic, which I've discussed elsewhere and won't go into here.
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//elite intellectuals engaged in various careerist and other pursuits in their narrow and (to me, at least) pretty unininteresting circles.//
Given that many of the things Chomsky says are in line with criticisms I have also made of the post-Sartrean generation of French intellectuals, I can't call his characterizations "wildly inaccurate." The problem with Chomsky as a critic of these philosophers is that he isn't really interested in them and thus hasn't read enough of their works to deeply engage with and refute them. I hardly blame Chomsky for this. His intellectual plate has been full to overflowing for most of his ninety years. Many other scholars of various backgrounds (Walter A. Davis, Gillian Rose, Camille Paglia, Edward Said in his later works) have performed this type of engaged criticism of the so-called postmodernists. Personally, I take a pragmatic, pluralistic approach to these matters and have found Derrida's ideas useful in explicating Emily Dickinson's poetry, Foucault's work useful in developing a healthy suspicion toward anything the powerful in our society claim to be 'natural' or 'the way it is,' and some of Lacan's ideas useful in understanding the power of some of Joseph Cornell's shadowboxes. Could three other thinkers have been equally but differently valuable to me? Probably, but that doesn't negate the value I've found in the Parisians. One of the detrimental effects of the wholesale importation of 'French theory' into the U.S. academy in the 1970's and 80's was the sidelining of a North American intellectual tradition that might have been equally powerful: Norman O. Brown, Leslie Fiedler, Harold Bloom, Marshall McLuhan, Northrop Frye, Hugh Kenner, Kenneth Burke, Edmund Wilson, Lionel Trilling, Susan Sontag, William H. Gass, Albert Murray, James Baldwin, Gore Vidal, Mary McCarthy, Noam Chomsky, et al. To take just one example, the virtually unread Norman O. Brown is the American Lacan--an original, radical Freudian revisionist and a much more lucid writer than the often muddy Jacques. My point is not that we should read these Americans and Canadians instead of the post-Satreans. Ideally, we should sample them all and take from them what appeals to us.
ReplyDeleteBrian, thank you for such a thoughtful and thorough response! :)
ReplyDeleteI'd love to know which of Lacan's ideas help understand Cornell's shadow boxes.
ReplyDeleteI'd appreciate if you write to me
patod3@gmail.com
Patricia: puppeteer, shadow theater, storyteller, papercutter, have a Lacanian therapist, got my PhD for my work on the ultrastructure of animal testicles, like Chomsky can't understand Lacan nor Foucault and tried hard to do so.
you can watch me parody Derrida's definition of love if you look in youtube for Patricia O'Donovan Derrida Object Theater
merci beaucoup